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Tiberius Julius Alexander
Tiberius Julius Alexander (fl. 1st century) was an equestrian governor and general in the Roman Empire. Born into a wealthy Jewish family of Alexandria but abandoning or neglecting the Jewish religion, he rose to become procurator of Judea (''c.'' 46 – 48) under Claudius. While Prefect of Egypt (66 – 69), he employed his legions against the Alexandrian Jews in a brutal response to ethnic violence, and was instrumental in the Emperor Vespasian's rise to power. In 70, he participated in the Siege of Jerusalem as Titus' second-in-command.〔 〕
==Early life==
Tiberius Julius Alexander was probably born early in the reign of the Emperor Tiberius (14 – 37). His father was Alexander, an Alexandrian Jew who held the office of Alabarch;〔Josephus, ''Antiquities'' (20.100 ).〕 the exact meaning of this term is debated, but it may have denoted a senior customs official. The older Alexander enjoyed Roman citizenship, a rare privilege among the Jews of Alexandria, and therefore passed it to his sons. He also had business connections both with Agrippa, grandson of Herod the Great, and with Antonia, mother of the emperor Claudius.〔Turner, p. 54.〕 Another prominent member of Tiberius Alexander's family was his uncle, the philosopher Philo.〔Josephus, ''Antiquities'' (18.259 ).〕
Tiberius' younger brother Marcus Julius Alexander would follow their father into business, becoming a partner in an import-export firm.〔Modrzejewski, p. 186.〕 Marcus Julius Alexander was the first husband of Herodian Princess Berenice. Marcus died in 43 or 44, leaving no children. Tiberius himself decided differently, setting out upon a military and administrative career in the service of the Roman Empire. When introducing Tiberius, the Jewish historian Josephus condemns him for his impiety and explains that he "did not remain in his ancestral customs".〔 This has traditionally been taken to mean that he became an apostate from Judaism at an early age, a view which finds some support in his appearance as a character in two of Philo's philosophical dialogues, making arguments against divine providence which Philo attempts to refute.〔Turner, p. 56.〕 However, some more recent scholars believe that Josephus is criticizing Alexander simply for his decision to take up the service of Rome, placing the interests of the Empire above the Jewish religion.〔Modrzejewski, p. 187.〕
He nevertheless continued to benefit from his family's connections, which were enhanced after the Emperor Claudius came to power in 41. Agrippa had helped to secure Claudius' accession after the assassination of Caligula, and was appointed king of Judea. Tiberius' father, who had been imprisoned by Caligula, was released on Claudius' orders, and his younger brother Marcus became first husband to Agrippa's daughter Berenice.〔Josephus, ''Antiquities'' (19.276 ).〕
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